Place · Portugal
The history of Lisbon
Assembled from 24 dug tiles · 306 sourced records · 6400 BC–now · last reviewed 26 October 2026
Lisbon has been a Roman port, a Moorish stronghold besieged for seventeen weeks in 1147, a royal capital flattened by the 1755 earthquake, and the seat of a secret police dismantled in 1974. Kings, friars, engineers and agents all left ground here that still carries their mark.
These are the individual spots Strata has dug in Lisbon — not a guide to the town, but a record of what happened on particular ground.
Digs in Lisbon
A Manueline fort on the TagusThis point sits on the fortified tower King Manuel I built to guard the mouth of the Tagus River. Belém Tower
100 BC–now The nobleman whose name swallowed a hillside
You are standing on ground once owned by the man Lisbon later named its central square after. Hotel Ritz
1094–2013 A Pombaline fountain in a quiet square
This point sits inside the Chafariz do Carmo, a stone fountain on the Largo do Carmo in Lisbon's Chiado district. Chafariz do Carmo
43–1974 Lisbon's Gothic-Romanesque cathedral
This point sits inside Lisbon Cathedral, the oldest church still standing in the city. Lisbon Cathedral
1147–2013 A Manueline monastery turned royal pantheon
This point sits at the Mosteiro dos Jerónimos in Belém, Lisbon, a former monastery now serving as a church, a national pantheon, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Jerónimos Monastery
100 BC–2007 The building where the last shots for the dictatorship were fired
On the day the regime fell, agents inside this building were the only people in Lisbon who shot at the crowd, forty paces from where you are standing. Camões Monument
1367–2025 The king who wouldn't sit for his own portrait
A bronze king faces a river, his face copied from a coin because he refused to pose, thirty feet from where his real palace once stood. Praça do Comércio
200 BC–1965 The bridge that gave a battlefield its name
A river ford that Arabs named for its bridge became the line Castile could not break in 1384, thirty paces from where you stand. Alcântara-Mar railway station
1755–2008 The city that starved for a king it never chose
A Christian army penned Lisbon in for seventeen weeks, thirty paces from where you are standing. Igreja de Santa Luzia
6379 BC–2013 An 18th-century bronze king on horseback
This point sits inside the equestrian statue of King José I, the centerpiece of Lisbon's Praça do Comércio. statue of José I of Portugal
43–1835 A bronze poet rose over Lisbon's ruined square
How a vanished convent, a lost set of bones and decades of argument gave Praça Luís de Camões its statue. Monumento a Camões
800 BC–1929 The ledger the state kept for the poor
A savings bank founded for Portugal's poor grew into the country's biggest lender, 300 feet from where you stand. Church of São João de Deus
1279–2011 Lisbon's central square, still named for a king it never wanted
This point sits at the heart of the Praça de D. Pedro IV, known to everyone in Lisbon simply as Rossio. Rossio Square
100 BC–1918 A Baroque church above the Alfama
This point sits at the Igreja de Santa Luzia, a small church beside one of Lisbon's best-known viewpoints. Igreja de Santa Luzia
700 BC–2013 Ground made twice, once by oil, once by a fair
The pavement under your feet did not exist before 1998, and neither did most of what came before it. Passeio dos Heróis do Mar
1856–now Lisbon's 14th-century city wall, now in fragments
This point sits beside a surviving stretch of the medieval wall that once circled the whole city. Fernandine Wall
6379 BC–1908 An iron elevator in the middle of Lisbon
This point sits beside the Santa Justa Lift, the only straight-up vertical street elevator left in the city. Santa Justa Lift
43–2013 A roofless Gothic ruin, now a museum
This point sits at the [[Carmo Convent Carmo Convent
100 BC–1996 A former prison, now a museum
This point sits at the old Cadeia do Aljube, a prison turned into a museum of resistance and liberty. Cadeia do Aljube
700 BC–2013 The knight who blocked a closing gate with his body
A tiled panel ten steps from you tells how Lisbon fell in 1147. Igreja de São Brás e de Santa Luzia
6400 BC–2012 An architect who never saw it finished
A short walk north, one man's water tank outlived him by seventy years. Rua do Cabo
1431–2017 A riverside plaza in Parque das Nações
You're standing near the Praça do Tejo, on the north bank of the Tagus, close to the Vasco da Gama Tower. Vasco da Gama Tower
1942–2009 A riverside street in Parque das Nações
You're standing on a street in Lisbon's Parque das Nações, close to the Tagus River. Rua da Ilha dos Amores
1650–2024 Where Lisbon's secret police kept its files and its cells
Four decades of surveillance and interrogation happened a hundred paces from where you are standing. Edifício no Largo Corpo Santo
1506–1974
Lisbon in layers
c. 6400–3600 BC
Radiocarbon samples recovered nearby, part of the Cross-referenced p3k14c dataset, date to between roughly 6400 and 3600 BC, evidence of settlement long before Rome or the Moors arrived. OpenContext - Cross-referenced p3k14c
6379–6017 BC and later
Radiocarbon samples from the wider Lisbon area have returned dates as old as 6379–6017 BC, evidence of activity here long before any written record. OpenContext — Cross-referenced p3k14c
Lisbon, near the castle hill
Archaeological radiocarbon samples recovered near this hill have been dated across several Neolithic phases, the oldest to between 6379 and 6017 BC. Open Context: Cross-referenced p3k14c
8th century BC onward
The castle hill above you was fortified continuously from the Iron Age through Phoenician, Roman, and Moorish occupation, finally taken by Christian forces in 1147. Wikipedia — São Jorge Castle
Iron Age
The Quinta do Almaraz hillfort, an Iron Age settlement, sits about 2.8 kilometers from this spot across the river. Wikidata
Olisipo (Lusitania)
The Romans and Greeks called this city Olisipo, and ancient authors mention the place in at least eight surviving texts. ToposText / Pleiades
Olisipo, Lusitania
The Romans and, before them, Phoenician and Greek traders knew this high ground as Olisipo, a name recorded in eighteen ancient texts. TopostText / Pleiades
Iron Age to Roman period
Excavations nearby, at the Casa dos Bicos and Rua dos Bacalhoeiros, have turned up Iron Age and Roman remains of Olisipo, the city the Romans knew before it was ever called Lisbon. Endovélico — Sistema de Informação Arqueológica
Roman period
Roman Lisbon was called Olisipo, a chartered municipality of Roman citizens on this same ground, cited in eight ancient texts. TopoText / Ancient gazetteer
Roman period
Ancient authors mention Olisipo, the Roman-era name for Lisbon, in eighteen surviving passages across eight texts, placing the settlement on this stretch of the Tagus. ToposText: Olisipo
Roman era
The Romans knew this city as Olisipo, a name cited across eighteen surviving ancient texts, centered near where the castle and cathedral stand today. ToposText - Ancient gazetteer
Lisbon (Olisipo)
The Roman town of Olisipo, with its own municipal status, occupied this ground from around 100 BC, with Roman galleries still found under the Rua da Prata nearby. Wikipedia / Wikidata
1st-6th centuries AD
Within the grounds of a hotel on Rua Bartolomeu Dias, ruins of a Roman fish-sauce factory operated from the 1st century AD until the 5th or 6th century. Wikidata
within the grounds of a hotel on Rua Bartolomeu Dias
Ruins of a Roman garum factory, where fish sauce was made from the 1st to 6th centuries AD, were found about 850 meters away near the Tower of Belém. Wikidata - Ancient Roman garum factory
Roman period
The Romans called Lisbon Olisipo, a municipium whose name survives in ancient texts cited at least 18 times. TopostText / Wikidata
Roman period
The Galerias Romanas da Rua da Prata, Roman-era underground galleries, lie about 557 meters from this square, dated broadly to the Roman occupation of Lisbon. Wikidata
Rua da Prata Roman galleries
The Romans called this city Olisipo, and underground galleries from that era survive on Rua da Prata, about 390 meters from here. Wikidata
Roman and medieval periods
Archaeologists recorded the remains of a defensive wall from both the Roman and medieval periods at Rua dos Bacalhoeiros, a short walk from here. Endovélico — Sistema de Informação Arqueológica
The Pillory of Lisbon, once used to punish and shame condemned people publicly, is classified as a National Monument in the municipal square close by. Wikipedia: Pillory of Lisbon
unveiled 19th century
Ninety meters uphill, a bronze statue of the poet Luís de Camões stands over eight smaller figures of Portugal's Age of Discovery writers, including the chronicler Fernão Lopes. Wikipedia: Camões Monument
medieval period
The Pillory of Lisbon, now a protected National Monument, marked the spot in the municipal square where offenders were exposed to public punishment. Wikipedia: Pillory of Lisbon
A short walk down the slope, Palácio Belmonte occupies part of the old walled town, its patio still carrying the name Pátio de Dom Fradique. Wikipedia - Palácio Belmonte
Paleolithic era
Primitive Paleolithic-era utensils have been found on the banks of the stream that gives Alcântara its name, in the parish that surrounds this ground. Wikipedia — Alcântara, Lisbon
The Catholic parish of São Pedro, Alcântara covered this ground, one of several overlapping ecclesiastical boundaries drawn across the district. FamilySearch — São Pedro, Alcântara
Questions about Lisbon
What is Lisbon known for historically?
Lisbon is known for the 1147 siege that took the city from Moorish rule, for the 1755 earthquake that destroyed the Ribeira Palace and churches such as the Carmo Convent and São Vicente de Fora, and for the 1974 Carnation Revolution that ended four decades of secret police rule, PVDE, PIDE and DGS, at its Lisbon headquarters.
What happened at Praça do Comércio?
Praça do Comércio occupies the site of the Ribeira Palace, the royal residence destroyed in the 1755 earthquake. Its bronze equestrian statue of King José I, cast in a single pour of over 38,000 kilos of bronze in 1774 and raised in 1775, faces the Tagus; the king's face was copied from a coin because he refused to sit for the sculptor.
What happened during the 1974 revolution in Lisbon?
On 25 April 1974, agents of the DGS secret police fired from their Lisbon headquarters on the crowd below, killing four civilians — the only shots fired at anyone in the capital that day. Soldiers stormed the building within hours, seizing its files and ending forty years of the political police once called PIDE, which had also kept files and cells nearby at the Largo Corpo Santo.
What is the Carmo Convent and what happened there?
The Carmo Convent is a roofless Gothic church in Lisbon, founded in 1389 by Nuno Álvares Pereira, whose stone ceiling collapsed on worshippers during the 1755 All Saints' Day earthquake. It now serves as the Carmo Archaeological Museum, and its surviving barracks saw the 1974 Carnation Revolution come to an end.
What was on the ground now occupied by Parque das Nações?
The riverside ground of Parque das Nações spent most of the 20th century as industrial waterfront, home to a seaplane refuelling base, Portugal's first oil refinery, a slaughterhouse and a rubbish tip, before Expo '98 razed the fifty-hectare site to build the World's Fair, the Vasco da Gama Tower and the streets around them.
What happened at the Siege of Lisbon in 1147?
In 1147, a Christian army under Afonso Henriques besieged the Moorish city of Lisbon for seventeen weeks until hunger forced its surrender. During the final assault, soldier Martim Moniz wedged his body into the closing gate of São Jorge Castle, letting the attacking forces break through; the captured city's mosque was replaced that same year by Lisbon Cathedral.